Entrepreneurship
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In recent years,Korea has seen a remarkable diffusion in broadband Internet connections. This paper explores the actions and factors contributing to this diffusion from three viewpoints: public sector, private sector, and social.We suggest that the matching of demand and supply is the most important factor in the fast diffusion of broadband in Korea.In particular, fierce infrastructure competition has led to quality services at a low fixed price. We also consider two challenges that lie ahead: take-up of retail e-commerce applications, and the need to bridge the digital divide.

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Shorenstein APARC
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In the second decade of market reform, rural cadre and entrepreneur households enjoy large net income advantages of roughly equal magnitude. Cadre household incomes are primarily from salaries, and they do not decline with increasing levels of rural industrialization. These cross-sectional findings about income determination are reinforced by an event-history analysis of occupational shifts. With large income advantages based on salary income, at no point in market reform have cadres moved into self-employment or private entrepreneurship at higher rates than ordinary farmers. However, village cadres have become the most important source of collective enterprise managers and collective enterprise managers in turn have become the most important source of new private entrepreneurs. Therefore the thriving collective enterprise sector of the 1980's has served as a breeding ground for private enterprise in the 1990's.

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Journal of Comparative Economics
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Andrew G. Walder
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Atrica's President and CEO, Vivek Ragavan, will speak about the compelling productivity gains that are motivating Metro service providers to build their next-generation networks using Optical Ethernet technology. He will discuss this in the context of markets both in the U.S. and Asia. Vivek Ragavan, who has more than 20 years of executive management experience in the telecommunications industry, was most recently President and CEO of Redback Networks. Before that he was a founder, and served as President and CEO of Siara Systems, which was acquired by Redback in March 2000. Prior to Siara, Ragavan was President of ADC Telecommunications' Residential Broadband Group, where he was responsible for ADC's broadband communication access and transport businesses. Earlier, Ragavan was Vice President of Engineering at General Instrument where he led the company's development of a leading digital video transport system. He received a BSEE from Northwestern University and an MSEE from Cornell University.

Okimoto Conference Room, Encina Hall, third floor, east wing

Vivek Ragavan President and CEO Speaker Atrica
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12:00 p.m. Katsuyuki Tsukada, Nihon Unisys Company (JR) "Development of the New Business Model of Digital Contents Trade" 12:20 p.m. Tetsu Fukuoka, Sumitomo Corporation of America (HR) "Current Activity of Venture Capitals in Silicon Valley" 12:40 p.m. Takayuki Niikura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (RH) "Japan and Regional Choices" 1:00 p.m. Kotaro Inuzuka, Toyobo Company, Ltd. (FC) "Application of Smart Structure Technologies at TOYOBO" 1:20 p.m. Takeshi Myoi, Tokyo Electric Power Company (RD) "Strategies and Management of R&D at Tokyo Electric Power Company" 1:40 p.m. Takihiko Ashiya, Kansai Electric Power Company (RH) "Proposal of Strategic Viewpoints in Diversification Based on Analysis of Failures in the U.S. Telecommunication Industry"

Philippines Conference Room, Encina Hall East, Third Floor

A/PARC Visiting Fellows Listed Below:
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12:00 p.m. Akira Kobayashi, Japan Patent Office (DO) "How to Handle Patents in Venture Companies" 12:20 p.m. Joseph Huang, AllCan Investment Company (MH) "Venture Capitals and Entrepreneurship in the Silicon Valley and the Greater China Region" 12:40 p.m. Seishi Nakatani, Shiraimatsu Pharmaceutical (DO) "Evaluation of the IT Industry Potential" 1:00 p.m. Tetsuo Fujita, Japan Research Institute (GS) "The Role of Information Technology on the Economic Development of Japan" 1:20 p.m. Makoto Kawashima, Ministry of Finance (DO) "Recent Changes to the Banking Business Model and the U.S. Response" 1:40 p.m. Eui Yong Chung, Samsung Company (GS) "Collaboration Between the U.S. and Korea in the Semi-Conductor Industry"

Philippines Conference Room, Encina Hall East, Third Floor

Visiting Fellows Listed Below:
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Although China's software industry has grown substantially over the past decade, it could have grown even more had it not been for several obstacles, the most important being rampant violations of the copyrights of software developers. In response to this situation, software companies and associations, domestic and foreign, have lobbied the Chinese government to adopt policies to help the industry. While they have had some lobbying success, in part thanks to both companies and relatively vibrant associations, the industry still faces large hurdles, and a basic dilemma: if it is to fully grow, the industry needs the government to adopt (and implement) more favorable policies, but the government for the moment is likely to be more influenced to adopt policies favored by competing interests that are economically and politically more powerful than the software industry. Scott Kennedy is an assistant professor in the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures and an adjunct assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Indiana University. He received his Ph.D in political science from George Washington University in 2002. His dissertation, "In the Company of Markets: The Transformation of China's Political Economy", examines the growth in business influence on the policy making process in China. He recently finished editing a book, "China Cross Talk: The American Debate over China Policy since Normalization, A Reader" which is an anthology of op-eds, congressional testimony, speeches and editorial cartoons that present the most memorable scenes from the debate of the past quarter century. Kennedy has published articles in numerous popular and academic periodicals, including The China Quarterly, Problems of Post-Communism, Asian Wall Street Journal, and the China Business Review. From 1993 to 1997, Kennedy was a research assistant at the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC. He received his M.A. in international relations from Johns Hopkins University's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in 1992 and his B.A. in foreign affairs from University of Virginia in 1989. He has lived in China off and on for four years since the late 1980s, and has traveled throughout East Asia.

Okimoto Conference Room, Encina Hall, 3rd floor, East Wing

Dr. Scott Kennedy Assistant Professor Speaker Indiana University
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Discussing Intellectual Property Reform in China: Li, Yahong, Hong Kong SAR, Fellow, Stanford Program in International Legal Studies

Discussing Capital Markets in China: Wang, Dequan, China, Fellow, Stanford Program in International Legal Studies.

Daniel and Nancy Okimoto Conference Room

Yahong Li Fellow Speaker Stanford Program in International Legal Studies
Dequan Wang Fellow Speaker Stanford Program in International Legal Studies
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When market reform generates rapid growth in an agrarian subsistence economy, changes in inequality may be due to economic growth and structural change rather than to the intrinsic features of markets. the case of post-Mao China is examined using nationally representative survey data gathered in 1996 to address unresolved questions about findings from 1980s surveys. Well into reform's second decade, political officeholding has a large net impact on household income -- comparable to that of operating a private enterprise. Contrary to findings based on <i>earlier</i> surveys and expectations about the impact of growth, cadre household advantages are stable across levels and forms of economic expansion. Returns to entrepreneurship, however, decline sharply with the spread of wage employment. Further declines in relative returns to political position are therefore unlikely to occur due to the further spread of private household entrepreneurship, and theories of changes based on this mechanism appear untenable.

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American Sociological Review
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Andrew G. Walder
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Okimoto Conference Room, Third Floor, East Wing, Encina Hall

Poh Kam Wong Professor National University of Singapore
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In recent years, Asian immigrants have played an important role in Silicon Valley's growth, as suppliers of both engineering and entrepreneurial talent. Given their relatively large numbers, the Indian and Chinese communities' contributions have been particularly noted.1 The Indians' presence became more marked toward the last few years of the century, bolstered by arrivals working on the Year 2000 (Y2K) problem.2 The Chinese, by contrast, had older roots set down amid long-standing political, economic, and educational links with Taiwan.

Both communities have formed extensive ethnic professional networks,3 with large memberships and well-attended, regular "networking" events, such as monthly meetings and special interest group sessions.4 The popularity of these events suggests that members find them valuable. While some of the value is probably noneconomic, the avowedly economic mission (see below) and long-term popularity of these gatherings means that most members primarily derive economic benefits. These networks and their members are the subject of this paper.

The author acknowledges the collaboration of Professor AnnaLee Saxenian of the University of California, Berkeley, in the design of and data collection for the survey which forms part of this paper. The survey was partially funded by the Public Policy Institute of California.

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Working Papers
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Shorenstein APARC
Authors
Rafiq Dossani
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