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In this session of the Shorenstein APARC Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellows Research Presentations, the following will be presented:

Mari Ichinomoto, "The Method for Attracting Semiconductor Industries with Fabless Policies in Japan"

Recently most local governments in Japan are exploring overseas firms who have interests to expand their business in Japan. But now other Asian countries are becoming tougher competitors. What can the local governments do to achieve their mission? Is there a good way to compete against other countries in order to achieve their goal?

Takao Isozaki, "Organization Change - Preparation for DBJ's Privatization"

The Development Bank of Japan (DBJ), one of the Japanese governmental financial institutions, will be fully privatized for 5 to 7 years. Isozaki’s research examines what kind of aspects DBJ's workers should take into account as preparation for its privatization process.

Hisashi Kanazashi, "Comparison and Analysis of US-Japan Policies for Innovation"

After catching up with developed countries and experiencing the collapse of the bubble economy, Japan has struggled to recover. The key word during the struggle was “innovation”, and the Japanese government has pushed many reforms to encourage it. However, is the reform for innovation in Japan sufficient? The goal of Kanazashi’s research is to examine it by analyzing the recent trend of start-ups and comparing policies in the United States and in Japan.

Philippines Conference Room

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Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow
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Mari Ichinomoto is a corporate affiliate visiting fellow at Shorenstein APARC for 2007-08 and 2008-09. She is also an official of the Industrial Recruitment and Location Division, Kumamoto Prefectural Government in Japan, with a mission to promote overseas direct investment into the country. Prior to this position, she was sent to Kumamoto trade promotion office in Singapore as a representative of the Kumamoto Prefectural Government dealing with trade promotion between Asia and Kumamoto. She graduated in foreign studies from Kitakyushu University.

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Mari Ichinomoto Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow, Kumamoto Prefecture Speaker
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Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow
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Takao Isozaki is a corporate affiliate visiting fellow at Shorenstein APARC for 2007-08. Prior to joining Shorenstein APARC, he worked at the Development Bank of Japan (DBJ) for seventeen years. Isozaki's experiences at DBJ included policy-based financing, finance planning and coordination, and human resources management. He was also assigned for a time at the Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry.

Isozaki's latest position at the DBJ was as director in the credit analysis department. he completed his undergraduate studies in law at Tokyo University.

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Takao Isozaki Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow, Development Bank of Japan Speaker
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Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow
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Hisashi Kanazashi is a corporate affiliate visiting fellow at Shorenstein APARC for 2007-08. Prior to joining Shorenstein APARC, he held positions at the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), government of Japan, for about ten years, where he took charge of policymaking. His latest position at METI was as deputy directory in Small and Medium Enterprise Agency. He did his undergraduate study at Tokyo University, in the faculty of Engineering Science.

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Hisashi Kanazashi Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow, Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry, Japan Speaker
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In this session of the Shorenstein APARC Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellows Research Presentations, the following will be presented:

Atsushi Goto, "What is the Optimum Strategy for Broadcasting Companies?"

Goto’s research will describe the potential risks for broadcasters and then categorize top-tier broadcasters into several groups based on their strategies. Additionally, he will explain the optimum strategy for broadcasters, hypothetically, and the argument that he has made with experts in this area. Finally, Goto will conclude with the outlook of the broadcasting market.

Natsuki Kamiya, "Bilingual Education for Children of Immigrants"

The 1989 revision of Japan’s Immigration Law facilitated an influx of Brazilians to Japan. As a result, there are 50,000 Brazilians in the Shizuoka Prefecture. Although they have Japanese ancestry, their lack of proficiency in the Japanese language makes it difficult for them to assimilate into Japanese society. Kamiya’s research will cover bilingual education in the United States in order to make policies that will help Brazilian children learn Japanese while retaining Portuguese.

Yotaro Akamine, "Produce or Reduce? A Feasibility Study of Introducing Heat Pump Water Heaters as an Environmental Solution in California"

In 2006, a strong environmental regulation, AB32, became effective in California. Akamine’s research shows the feasibility of introducing "heat pump water heater", Japanese commercialized technology, as a solution to the environmental issue, as compared to solar photovoltaic business, which has prevailed in California.

Xiangning Zhang, "The Practices of the American Energy Policies -- American Major Oil Companies' Development Strategies and Practices"

The high oil prices ushered in the third global energy crisis. The United States has issued and put in force a series of new policies and acts to try to establish an energy jurisprudence through legislation. It is now a transitional period in the new energy age, where oil and gas still play a critical role in the energy consumption structure, but alternative resources are getting more attention. Major oil companies are becoming super giants in the integrated energy industry. The United States faces a long road ahead until it reaches parity with its European neighbors in new energy policies and practices.

Philippines Conference Room

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Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow
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Atsushi Goto is a corporate affiliate visiting fellow at Shorenstein APARC for 2007-08. Prior to joining Shorenstein APARC, he has worked at Sumitomo Corporation since 1996. He has been in charge of developing new business as well as venture investment in IT industry. He received his BS and MS in Electric Engineering in Kyoto University in Japan.

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Atsushi Goto Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow, Sumitomo Corporation Speaker
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Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow
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Natsuki Kamiya is a corporate affiliate visiting fellow at Shorenstein APARC for 2007-08 and 2008-09. He works for the Shizuoka Prefectural Government, one of the local governments in Japan. He is interested in immigration policy in California. He graduated from Chuo University in Tokyo, where he majored in law.

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Natsuki Kamiya Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow, Shizuoka Prefecture Speaker
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Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow
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Yotaro Akamine is a corporate affiliate visiting fellow at Shorenstein APARC for 2007-08. Prior to joining Shorenstein APARC, he has been with the Tokyo Electric Power Company Inc. (TEPCO) since 1998. He has planned bulk power systems and coordinated plans of electrical power plants. He also estimated CO2 emissions concerning electrical power plants. Following this, he belonged to the Technology Management Group, General Training Center of TEPCO. Yotaro Akamine received his BS, MS and Ph.D in Electrical Engineering from Tokyo University.

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Yotaro Akamine Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow, Tokyo Electric Power Company Speaker
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Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow
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Xiangning Zhang is a corporate affiliate visiting fellow at Shorenstein APARC for 2007-2008.

Zhang is the Vice President of PetroChina Foreign Cooperation Administration Department, the Director of Circum-Pacific Council (CPC) and a member of the Committee for the Petroleum Association of China(CAPG).

Zhang received both his bachelors and masters degree from Southwest Petroleum University. He is currently a PhD candidate at Chengdu University of Technology. Since graduation, he has been engaged in oil and gas exploration and development both in China and overseas. From 1983 to 1994, he worked in Liaohe Oil Field and the former Petroleum Industry Ministry of the People's Republic of China. From 1995 to 1998, he worked on overseas projects in Papau New Guinea, Peru and other countries. Since 1999, he has worked in PetroChina Foreign Cooperation Administration Department as director and Vice President.

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Xiangning Zhang Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow, PetroChina Company Speaker
Seminars
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In this session of Shorenstein APARC Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellows Research Presentations, the following will be presented:

Soichi Yushina, "The Role of Intellectual Property in the Innovation System"

Some Japanese working in the intellectual property field believe that in Silicon Valley (1) worker mobility is very fast and (2) trade secret is not protected sufficiently. Yushina’s research will try to answer if this is true or a myth?

Xuteng Hu, "Corporate Governance of China's Overseas Listed State-Controlled Companies"

Corporate governance is always the most complicated and difficult issue in both theoretical research and practical management of modern companies in the world. Corporate governance has become a hot issue in economic community, especially after Enron's bankruptcy. Hu's research focuses on the corporate governance of these companies and their operation, taking into account the rules on their relationship with parent companies, appointment of executives, formation of board of directors and supervisor board, information disclosure, and protection of medium and small investors' interests.

Noriaki Komori, "Key Success Factors for Online Commerce"

Amazon.com is the largest pure-online commerce company. In researching what the key success factors are, Komori describes their customer centric culture and technology to develop their system.

Philippines Conference Room

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Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow
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Soichi Yushina is a corporate affiliate visiting fellow at Shorenstein APARC for 2007-2008.

Yushina joined Japan Patent Office (JPO), government of Japan in 1993 and has been specializing in Intellectual Property (IP) field since then. At JPO, Yushina built his expertise as patent examiner through examination of vast number of applications in chemical field. He has experience in policymaking, law reforming and other legislative works. In 2001, he had assignment at Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, where he took part in developing National IP Strategy and IP-related law reforming. In 2004, he was assigned to a position at National Center for Industrial Property Information and Training, where he contributed to development of human resource program in the IP field. His last post was deputy director of Examination Promotion Office in JPO. Yushina received his BS and MS in Engineering of applied chemistry from Sophia University.

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Soichi Yushina Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow, Japan Patent Office Speaker
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Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow
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Dr. Xuteng Hu is a corporate affiliate visiting fellow at Shorenstein APARC for 2007-08. He is also currently the vice president of Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina.

Dr. Hu has been studying in Tsinghua University for nine years, majoring in Chemical Engineering. He also received a dual baccalaureate in Mathematics. After receiving his Ph.D., he joined the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). As a main executant of CNPC, he took part in the reorganization of China's petroleum and petrochemical industries between CNPC and SINOPEC in 1998.

Additionally, as PetroChina was established in 1999, he was chosen to participate in the IPO of PetroChina. He was the main constitutor in planning Chemicals & Marketing Business, which is one of the four main businesses of PetroChina. Following this, he was appointed the president assistant of Fushun Petrochemical Company in 2001. In 2003, he was promoted to his present position in charge of constructing the R&D system of Refining & Chemicals. Presently, he is also the deputy secretary-general and executive member of the council of Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China (CIESC) and the deputy director of natural gas committee of the Chinese Petroleum Society (CPS).

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Xuteng Hu Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow, PetroChina Company Speaker
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Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow
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Noriaki Komori is a corporate affiliate visiting fellow at Shorenstein APARC for 2007-08. Prior to joining Shorenstein APARC, he has been with Sumitomo Corporation for twelve years. He currently serves as a person in charge for marketing for an online commerce web site. Komori completed his undergraduate study at Kobe University where he majored in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

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Noriaki Komori Corporate Affiliate Visiting Fellow, Sumitomo Corporation Speaker
Seminars
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The Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center has selected Benjamin Self as the Takahashi Fellow in Japanese Studies. He will take up his position at the start of the 2008-2009 academic year.

As a senior research scholar, Self will develop and promote Japanese studies and research at Shorenstein APARC. Self has worked across a broad range of topics related to contemporary Japan, analyzing issues in security, international relations, domestic politics and political economy.
"We very much look forward to Ben joining us at the center. Japanese studies and research have been a historic strength at the center and we have great plans for strengthening and broadening these programs." says director of the center, Gi-Wook Shin
Self comes to Shorenstein APARC from the Henry L. Stimson Center where he was a senior associate. Previously, he worked with the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. and was a visiting research fellow at Keio University in Tokyo where he conducted research on Japanese foreign and security policy, with particular focus on Japan-China relations.

Self returns to Stanford University where he received his A.B. in political science. He also received a M.A. in Japan studies and international economics from Johns Hopkins University's Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.

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Venture capitalist, attorney and educator Michael Korver opened SPRIE's spring seminar series on new post-bubble patterns of entrepreneurship in Japan. Korver, a managing partner in Japan's Global Venture Capital, spoke on how he has seen venture capital evolve there in light of his own firm's experiences.

Korver argued that despite a number of problems surrounding the venture capital situation in Japan--a surplus of capital overwhelmingly from large entities in the financial services sector, low perceptions of entrepreneurial activity, and a lack of "high growth expectation" entrepreneurial activity--Tokyo offers a number of advantages to entrepreneurs, perhaps the most significant being Japan's early-adopter, high-consumption domestic market.

"Tokyo is... the perfect incubator for new businesses, ...but the Japanese leaders do not understand that the future of Japan... is absolutely dependent on creating entrepreneurial innovation."
-Michael Korver

He conceded that things have gotten worse since 2006: the backlash from the Livedoor/Takafumi Horie scandal and the resulting drop in the stock market, a 20% withholding tax on investment in Japan from foreign sources and the Ministry of Finance's regulation of industries that use limited partnerships like the venture capital industry have all added up to a drying-up of VC investments and a drop in IPOs in Japan.

Nonetheless, Korver will continue to have Tokyo as his base of operations. "Tokyo is... the perfect incubator for new businesses, ...but the Japanese leaders do not understand that the future of Japan... is absolutely dependent on creating entrepreneurial innovation."

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How might one think about Chinese power, its dimensions, its effects, and its implications for change in the United States and elsewhere? Dr. David M. Lampton will put China's current trajectory and its conceptions of power in their historical contexts, discuss how China's neighbors are responding to the PRC's growing strength, and explore the vulnerabilities and uncertainties that lie ahead not only for China but the outside world.  
 
Dr. Lampton's work is based on interviews in China, in countries along the PRC's long periphery, and in the United States, as well as extensive documentary research. His book, The Three Faces of Chinese Power: Might, Money, and Minds, was just published by the University of California Press. 

David M. Lampton, Dean of Faculty, is George and Sadie Hyman Professor and Director of China Studies at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and Senior International Advisor on China for the law firm of Akin Gump. Before assuming the post at SAIS in December 1997, he was president of the National Committee on United States-China Relations in New York City for a decade. Dr. Lampton is the author of numerous books and articles on Chinese domestic and foreign affairs. His most recent book is, The Three Faces of Chinese Power: Might, Money, and Minds (University of California Press, 2008), and his articles have appeared in the American Political Science Review, The China Quarterly, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and other venues academic and popular. Earlier books and edited volumes include: Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing U.S.-China Relations, 1989-2000 (University of California Press, 2001) and (editor) The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform (Stanford University Press, 2001).

Lampton received his PhD and undergraduate degrees from Stanford University and has lived in the Peoples Republic of China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. He has an honorary doctorate from the Russian Academy of Sciences' Institute of Far Eastern Studies and is consultant to the Aspen Institute's Congressional Program, the Kettering Foundation, and various corporations and government agencies.

Levinthal Hall

David M. Lampton George and Sadie Hyman Professor and Director of China Studies Speaker the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies
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Masayo Fujimoto
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In recent years, Japan’s traditional employment structure has begun to shift. Historically in Japan, employees expected to work for the same organization throughout their professional lives, gaining experience and garnering respect as they grew in seniority. Known as “lifetime employment,” this occupational approach typified the Japanese professional experience. Today, though lifetime employment still persists in many companies in Japan, more and more workers, many of them recent graduates, are changing jobs in search of better prospects. The companies that hire this new breed of employee are looking for recruits who have the requisite experience, but lack the expectation of respect and promotion simply by virtue of their years of service. In the Tokyo metropolitan area in particular, a number of companies have embraced this short-term employment system.

What are the differences between Japanese who change jobs and those who work in the same place all their lives? In 2005, the Social Stratification and Mobility Study (SSM Study) provided new perspective on the changing face of Japanese job mobility. A large-scale survey, social survey professionals have conducted the SSM Study every ten years since 1955. This article is based on the fourth release data (November 2007 version), which was prepared by the 2005 Social Stratification and Mobility Study Group.

Several patterns emerge in the SSM Study data. First, much depends on when an employee first began working. Those (male) workers who started their first job after 1950—especially during Japan’s post–World War II rebuilding phase or the economic bubble of the early 1990s—are much more likely to change jobs than those who started their first job before that year. In particular, those employed during the rebuilding era have tended to change jobs multiple times.

Second, Japanese employees behave differently depending on the size of the enterprise at which they work. At governmental organizations or large enterprises with more than one thousand employees, for example, workers who started their first job there tend to stay there. As the organizations diminish in size, this tendency likewise decreases. At mid- or small-size organizations with fewer than three hundred employees, workers who started their first job there tend to change their job earlier than their counterparts at bigger employers.

Third, with respect to job type, white collar professionals tend to keep their first job, whereas blue collar workers change job more often. More specifically, there is little job movement, for example, among those employed in educational or research services. However, in mining, transportation, manufacturing, sales or wholesale businesses, legal and accounting services, communications, and advertising, workers regularly change job due to long hours coupled with low income.

Fourth, in terms of educational background, workers who have attended college, university, or graduate school often stick with their first job. Workers with high school or junior high school levels of educations are more likely to move on from their first job within first few years.

Why do Japanese workers change jobs? The SSM Study indicates that, among those moving from their first to their second job, 33 percent did so for a “better” position. Ten percent made the switch because they were dissatisfied and wanted a change, or because they were either laid off or the company went bankrupt. The Study also shows that the 33 percent who sought better work also tended, in making such a change, to increase both their income and job prestige, and to affiliate with larger organizations. Many workers who secured better jobs were more educated; the 10 percent who cited job dissatisfaction as the reason for their move tended to be less so. More detailed analysis of the SSM Study reveals that more than 50 percent of those who moved on to a second, better job not only felt that they were better off, but also that they actually joined a smaller organization. This data point shows that a “better” job in Japan does not always mean working for a big, famous company.

The SSM Study considered other important elements of the job-changing experience, including the patterns of change as they relate to job prestige and autonomy. People who moved from large companies tended to be forced into smaller companies, whereas workers from mid- or small-size companies (fewer than three hundred employees) often remain in that size bracket. Most workers experience increased job prestige when they change jobs; this is especially true of educated workers who change job after building up ten or more years of experience at their first job. The exception to this pattern is white collar employees, whose prestige is high from the very first job they take and therefore less likely to rise significantly higher.

The SSM Study showed that white collar workers—and, interestingly, particularly those working in sales—enjoy enhanced autonomy after their job change. Generally, job changes result in “better,” more autonomous employment and higher prestige, if at a smaller organization. People who change their job, therefore, tend to be more motivated by job prestige and increased professional autonomy than by the size of the employer, or even the income level.

Job mobility in Japan is still in an early phase. In the country’s large companies, educated white collar workers—those who theoretically possess the greatest potential for upward job mobility—still tend to stay with the same organization for most of their professional lives. Those relative few who do move report increased satisfaction with their autonomy and/or their job prestige, even in cases where they join a smaller company or take a pay cut. In an effort to move beyond traditional lifetime employment, the Japanese government now encourages the job mobility, but workers have yet to embrace the system on a large scale.

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